Theoretical Framework for Hr Thesis Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Framework for Hr Thesis Essay1. Definition of motivating and Employee need1. Definition of Motivation many another(prenominal) contemporary authors have also define the concept of motivation. Motivation has been defined as the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995) a sensibility to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific, unmet inescapably (Buford, Bedeian, Lindner, 1995) an sexual drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994) and the lead to achieve (Bedeian, 1993). accord to John R. Schermerhorn (2010), the term motivation is used in management surmisal to describe forces within the individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work. Motivation give the bounce be defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviors. In its simplest defi nition, the term motivation is frequently used to describe wherefore a person does something. (Cherry, 2011). An individuals motivation is influenced by biological, intellectual, social and emotional factors. As such(prenominal), motivation is a complex, not easily defined, intrinsic driving force that rotter also be influenced by external factors. Every employee has activities, events, people, and goals in his or her life that he or she finds motivating.Generally speaking , for this thesis, motivation is operationally defined as the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and organizational goals. Motivation is an employees intrinsic enthusiasm about and drive to accomplish activities related to work. Motivation is that internal drive that causes an individual to decide to take action. So, motivation about some aspect of life exists in each persons consciousness and actions.2. Definition of Employee MotivationThe bathroom for employers is to figure out how to inspire employee motivation at work. To create a work environment in which an employee is motivated about work, involves both intrinsically satisfying and extrinsically encouraging factors. Employee motivation is the combination of fulfilling the employees involve and expectations from work and the workplace factors that en commensurate employee motivation or not. These variables make motivating employees challenging. Employers understand that they need to provide a work environment that creates motivation in people. But, many employers fail to understand the significance of motivation in accomplishing their mission and vision. Even when they understand the importance of motivation, they leave out the skill and knowledge to provide a work environment that fosters employee motivation.From Rick Pitinos point of view, The only way to hold back people to like on the job(p) hard is to motivate them. Today, people must(prenominal) understand why theyre works hard. Every individual in an organization is motivated by something different. Employee motivation can be approached in many ways with different definitions. With Twyla Dell, The heart of motivation is to give people what they really compliments most from work. The more you atomic number 18 able to provide what they want, the more you should expect what you really want, namely productivity, quality, and service. (Dell, 1988). G. Jones and J. George from the book Contemporary Management, defined motivation as Psychological forces that determine the direction of a persons behavior in an organization, a persons level of effort and a persons level of persistence. And this approach is used as the employee motivation definition in the thesis2. Motivation theoriesThere ar many theories that refer to motivate people such as ERG theory by Clayton Alderfer, Acquired Needs theory by David McClelland, Expectancy theory by Victor Vroom, etc. In this thesis, the author applied Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg s Two Factors Theory as the theoretical fashion model for the thesis1. Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsThe theory of human needs developed by Abraham Maslow was introduced in this part as an important theoretical role model for the thesis.Psychologist Abraham Maslow first introduced his concept of a power structure of needs in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation and his subsequent book Motivation and Personality. This pecking order suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs.This hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can function on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security.As peopl e progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and stuffiness become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potentialpicThere are five different levels in Maslows hierarchy of needs Physiological needs the most basic needs for human to survival, (such as air, water, food, sex, sleep, etc). In working environment, it can be rest and refreshment breaks, physical comfort on the job or reasonable work hours. According to Maslow, if these needs are not satisfied, the human body can not function properly, and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are supposed to be the most important and should be met first. Safety needs After the physiological needs are satisfied, peoples attention turn to safety and se curity. Social needs the first level of higher level needs is social needs. Social needs are those related to interact with others which includes friendship, belonging to a group, giving and receiving love Esteem needs Esteem needs can be categorized as external motivators such as recognition, attention, and social status. While internal motivators include accomplishment and self respect. Self actualisation needsThis is the highest level of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interested fulfilling their potential. (Cherry, 2011)2. The theory Herzbergs Two FactorThe Two Factor theory by Herzberg is one of the most influential studies on motivation which describes needs in terms of satisfaction and disatisfaction.Herzberg found that the factors make job satisfaction were different from those causing job dissatisfaction. He developed the motivation hygiene theory to expla in these turn outs. He called the satisfiers motivators and the dissatisfiers hygiene factors, using the term hygiene in the sense that they are considered maintenance factors that are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction notwithstanding that by themselves do not provide satisfaction.pic1. Motivation factorsHerzberg explains that motivation factors are related to what people do on the job or job electrical capacity Motivation factors include such things as a sense of responsibility, feelings of recognition, a sense of achievement,feelings of personal growth, the luck for advancement and work itself. Presence of motivation factors influences job satisfaction levels Responsibility A duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform or stark(a) a task (assigned by someone, or created by ones own promise or circumstances) that one must fulfill, and which has a consequent penalty for bereavement. information Recognition is identifying something you learned previously and is therefore stor ed in some manner in memory. The employees should be praised and recognized for their accomplishments by the managers. Achievement The definition of achievement also includes its opposite, the failure or the absence of achievement. Success put into this category consists of the followings successful completion of a job, solutions to problems, vindication, and seeing the results of ones work. (Herzberg, 2008, p.45 -143) Personal growth There must be growth and advancement opportunities in an organization to motivate the employees to perform well. Advancement Advancement is an actual change in the status or repose of the person in the company. In situation in which an individual transfers from one part of the company to another without any change in status only when increases opportunities for responsible work, the change is considered an increased responsibility, but not formally an advancement. (Herzberg, 2008, p.46) Work itself ( Job itself interesting and fulfilling work) The w ork itself should be meaningful, interesting and challenging for the employee to perform and to get motivated.2. hygiene factorsAccording to Herzberg, hygiene factors influence directly on jobdissatisfaction. The hygiene factors are found in the job context and include such things as working conditions, interpersonal relations, base wage or salary, and technical quality of supervision. By improving them, such as by implemetenting a no smooking policy, can make people less dissatisfied at work. However, it will not increase job satisfaction. Hygiene factors include Working condition The working conditions should be safe, clean and hygienic. The work equipments should be updated and well-maintained. Interpersonal relations The relationship of the employees with his peers, superiors and subordinates should be appropriate and acceptable. There should be no conflict or sphacelus element present. Base wage and salary The pay or salary structure should be appropriate and reasonable. It must be equal and competitive to those in the same industry in the same domain. Supervision technical This category refers to the competence or incompetence fairness or unfairness of the supervisor supervisors willingness or unwillingness to delegate responsibility, to teach subordinates. (Herzberg, 2008, p.47)3. The combination of Motivation factor and Hygiene factorThe combination of hygiene and motivation factors can result in 4 conditions1. High Hygiene/High Motivation The ideal situation where employees are highly motivated and have few problems. 2. High Hygiene/Low Motivation Employees have few problems but are not highly motivated. 3. Low Hygiene/High Motivation Employees are motivated but have a lot of problems. 4. Low Hygiene/Low Motivation The worst situation. Unmotivated employees with lots of problems. Herzbergs theories can be summarized by his quote, If you want people to do a good job, give them a good job to do. The two factor theory is useful because job contexta nd content are major issues in the business world today.

6 Skills you need to success Essay Example for Free

6 Skills you need to achiever EssayWhile we all aspire to climb to the top of our respective professions, but from sequence to time we come up against a roadblock, a barrier that slows our climb to the top. Whether you are being consistently un signboarded in favor of someone else who is a bit more productive or perhaps there is fairish some intangible look that allows other(a) people to get ahead of you, it give the bounce be immensely frustrating to be denied a job you know you could excel in. With this in mind, we decided to manage the six skills you need to succeed. It is worth noning that all of these skills are transferable and have as a great deal relevance in your personal life as they do in your professional life. Just as importantly, these are all skills that eject be learned, so no one should feel that they are at a disadvantage with any of these. Work on them and you give reap the rewards accordingly. After reading this, the career ladder bequeath sud denly seem a much easier climb than it did before.1- Speaking skillsWhether you are hustling for a promotion when you bump into a CEO in an elevator or making an important speech at an international conference, the ability to speak with a wide variety of people is an absolute essential. Good eye contact, a varied vocabulary and the ability to swerve your language to suit your audience are all essential characteristics of an artful speaker. Being a good speaker pull up lay on the lines give you presence and spend a penny you memorable to those who are listening. Practice talking with anyone and everyone you meet, look for a debating society or a Toastmasters group. Therewards are worth it. Being more adept in social situations and being better equipped to net wrench successfully leave help you forge working relationships that could be very advantageous to you in the future. It will also be useful to you for performing duties as a best man.2- Confidence in decision makingNothing says mediocrity like indecision. A good leader is decisive and will always back himself up when making the correct decision. If you want to be considered leadership material, you have to possess these characteristics. If you are paralyzed by the fear of getting it wrong, you will end up doing nothing, which is worse than trying something and failing. A lot of high-fliers are prepared to take risks keen that a mistake can be corrected. Learn to evaluate different decisions for their pros and cons, and make decisions that will take you closer to completing a given task. The cardinal is to make sure that your decisions are thought out and reasoned. Be confident in your judgment and believe in yourself to get things right. Dont just play it safe every time you will blend into the wallpaper and no one will notice you. Putting yourself on the line will earn you respect, and if your decisions turn out to be right, you can expect to be rewarded for your efforts.3- AccountabilityAnother m ajor part of being successful is accepting responsibility, two for successes and failures. If you want other people to respect you, acknowledge your errors rather than trying to blame someone else for your shortcomings. Everyone makes mistakes, but the real test is how you react to that. Putting yourself in the firing line is the mark of a man who wants to achieve great things and is prepared to be scrutinized. It is a sign of confidence and self-belief, and is a key portion among men who want to be successful. Being able to admit you have made a mistake is also a sign of humility and can garner respect from your employees. A useful way to hold yourself accountable is to scrutinize your to-do lists, see what you accomplished and what you did not. Look at ways you can improve your performance and take appropriate steps to correct mistakes yourself. Three more skills you need to succeed after the jump4- A unequivocal military postureBeing positive about work and life is also essen tial to success. While your colleagues may laugh at your endless cynicism and misanthropic tendencies, your boss will see you as someone who hates his job and who will never support the aims of the company. We should distinguish between the occasional bad day (although you should always try to smirch this and remain upbeat no matter how trying the circumstances) and being consistently pessimistic. The eternal pessimist will always try to drag other people strike down and will probably be less productive. If you can cultivate a positive outlook, you will encourage others to be more positive. Youll also be more productive and possibly more credible as someone with executive potential. A positive attitude is entirely self-determined and can be helped by accentuating the positives in any situation. Dont see problems see solutions.5- Self-presentationLearning how to present yourself to others is another major aspect of being successful. Good grooming and, in particular, gifted attire will project an image of success to other people before you have even said a word. Wearing a well-cut suit, quality shoes and an elegant timepiece speak of a man who takes pride in his appearance. High sartorial standards indicate someone who has high standards generally, and this will source people to view you favorably. A huge amount of your impact on colleagues, bosses or clients will be based on how well put in concert you appear. And while substance is crucial, having a great style to support it is no bad thing. Read fashion magazines and think about visiting a stylist rather than a barber. If you can afford it, have suits and shoes made to measure they will fit much better than off-the-rack goods. Dont forget that the way you look also enhances the way you feel about yourself, making you more confident.6- Time management skillsIt doesnt matter how well you dress, how positive you are or how well-spoken you are if you cannot sustain everything under control. Disorganization means that you will be forever playing catch-up with your work, rushing to meetdeadlines and producing work below par. Learn to keep a detailed diary, listing deadlines and setting a schedule for your work, to ensure it is all done with time to spare. Your work will be of better quality and you will be entrusted with increased responsibility.It will also afford you additional leisure time. It is a key element to success and well worth practicing. This means overcoming procrastination (which we can all be guilty of at times), setting goals that are challenging (but realistic) and trying to use your time efficiently. Dont check your e-mails 17 times every hour spend that time writing up that project that is due tomorrow. Ideally, you will return a stage when you can get ahead of the curve and start taking on additional projects and responsibilities a surefire way of setting yourself up for that promotion. mastery is simple when you follow these professional skills success is simpl eThere you have it An essential list to help you move up in the world and stake your claim in business. There are more, of course, but no other general guide is more comprehensive. A final word of advice Worry not about an intangible trait you may not have. If you have not been born and raised as the best communicator or dealmaker, you can make your mark with expertise in a specific field or venture. As long as you make your mark in something, the sky is the limit. Just keep in mind that the best of the best have a wide scope of knowledge and do not focus on one field of operations alone.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Conditional Fee Arrangements Law Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Conditional Fee Arrangements Law EssayUK statutory aid system has undergone tremendous changes and reforms ever since its introduction in 1949. Its purpose of the act was to give up legal advice for those of slender means and resource, so that no one provide be financially unable to prosecute a trust and reasonable cry or defend a legal right and to allow headcounters and counsel to be remunerated.1Due to its popularity, legal aid expenditure imposed a intelligent burden on the government. In solving this problem, the UK legal aid system undergone various reforms. Conditional Fee Arrangement (here afterward CFA) was a result of one of these reforms after half a decade when legal aid act created. Ever since its introduction in 1990, CFA has been a controversial topic among legal educators. In find the success of the CFA system, it cannot be easily determined purely by its utility rate, precisely ethics issue must also looked into. The numerous p ros and cons of the stratagem undetermined the door for criticism and professor to criticize.The history of legal aid dates back to 1949. After Second World War, it was recognized that equality of access and the right to way before the jurisprudence was fundamental to a just society. Hence, the Rushcliffe Committee made a number of recommendations that led to the establishment of the first legal aid scheme by the Legal Aid and Legal Advice Act 1949. The purpose of the legal aid scheme, as Lord Steyn once said is a principle of our law that e real citizen has a right of unimpeded access to a court.2Generally, the legal aid scheme was a success. It achieved its purpose in ensuring that the exoteric obtains access to justice. However, from the run into of the State, the scheme was imposing heavy burden on the government. It is worth to point out that legal aid funding is placed very low in the political agenda as generally it does not favor anyone as comp ard to medical and educa tion funding. As a result, Lord Irvine suggested capping a ceiling on legal aid funding. Since capping the budget for criminal legal aid is against human rights, the only choice will be to first cover all salute in Criminal legal aid and civil legal aid will be funded by the leftovers.3In view of this, Lord XXX introduced CFA in the Court and Legal Services Act in 1990.The CLSA Act provided a statutory basis for parties to litigation to enter into CFA for a limited number of proceedings. not until the Conditional Fee Arrangement in 1995 that it was released to different types of proceedings including personalized injury, bankruptcy, insolvency and human rights graphemes. In 1998, subsidiary legislation has greatly widened the range of proceedings where CFA argon permissible to cover most of the civil cases except for those specified in the CLSA act, which be mostly related to crime and family legislation. Today, majority of personal injury cases are funded by CFA under the amen dment of Access to Justice Act 1999.CFA is an alternative to legal aid. It enables those without the necessary resources or with endangerment averse tendencies to apply forward claims for compensation. It is an agreement whereby a lawyer and a client can agree to share the risk of the litigation by coming to a financial arrangement on the recompense payable based on the outcome of the litigation. In the event of losing, the client will not be liable to pay any fee to their lawyer, but if the case is won, normal cost are payable. Although the client is required to pay the fee when winning the case, but it may be recoverable in honorable or in part from the losing party. Unlike Contingency Fee Arrangement, which is common in USA, CFA does not allow headcounter to claim a percentage of the winning. Instead, lawyers are allowed to charge the usual rate plus uplift if the case is successful.Conditional fee arrangements developed as a result of the proposed reduction in public fundin g for civil litigation and the fear that the abolition of legal aid would reduce access to justice for many.Access to justice is when people do acquire help, there are effective solutions that are proportionate to the issues at stake. In most circumstances, this will involve going to court but in others, that will not be necessary. Someone charged with a criminal offence should have access to proper legal advice and representation, when the pleases of justice require it. But in civil matters, for most people, most of the time, going to court is, and should be, the last resort. It is in no-ones interest to create a litigious society. People must make responsible choices about whether a case is worth pursuing whether to proceed by negotiation, court action, or in some other way and how far to take a relatively minor issue.This is one of the major advantages, which is also the purpose, of CFA and the legal aid system. A conditional fee agreement is therefore a very useful method of funding litigation as in many cases the prospective litigator may not have the financial resources to fund the case and may not qualify for legal aid. It is particularly important in personal injury cases as these claims cannot be funded by legal aid and as such many litigants would not have had legal redress owing to the lack of funding. Given the high cost of litigation in Hong Kong, those in the middle-income sort whose means are above the limits set down by the Legal Aid Scheme and the Supplementary Legal Aid Scheme would have fuss financing litigation.The second advantages of CFA is that it could reduce the cost of legal aid funding and that it could refocus legal aid by removing cases which can be financed in some other way and promoting access to justice for the need by directing the aid budget to priority areas. This will allow the Government ultimately to pore publicly funded support on legal services towards helping people secure their basic rights such as a decent hom e, appropriate cordial security benefits and challenging officialdom through judicial review, and towards assisting cases that raise issues of wider public interest. The present system does not allow the Government to do this. It allows no sagaciousness of the importance of classes of cases or any way of targeting help towards priority needs. The government simply pays for the amount and type of legal services that lawyers wish to provide. The reduction of legal aid fund of removing all personal injury cases to CFA was significant.The triad advantage of CFA is that weak cases will be weeded out. frivolous claim Because the solicitor is taking the risk of the charge, they will for sure assess the chance of success of each case before they accept it. This way, all weak cases will be weeded out. Also, under the CFA scheme, litigant are required to disclose to the other party. Disclosure of a CFA to the other party may encourage earlier settlement because the other partys cost movin g picture will increase in line with the level of the success fee.Although there are significant contribution, CFA also brings up lots of problems. .Traditionally, solicitors were restricted to change on a conditional or contingent basis. They have been restricted by case law, statutes and practice rules. The two main common law principles related to this are Maintenance and Champerty. Maintenance is where someone who is not a party to the action and has no interest in it, funds or otherwise supports one of the litigants. such(prenominal) an agreement was generally held by the courts to be void for reasons of public policy and was also grounds for making an order for cost against a non-party funder. In immersion CFA, lawyers may tend to put their duty to the court second to their desire to secure a win to guarantee fee, which may lead to suborning evidence, coaching witness, flunk to give discovery of documents. This restricted the ability of solicitors to act either contingently and conditionally as they risked significant cost liability. A CFA gives the lawyer a financial interest in the litigation and he therefore takes control of the strategy and resolution of the litigation. As Lord Denning once mentioned, in Re Trepca Mines Ltd. (No.2) 1963 CA, if legal advisors had a personal interest in the outcome of litigation they might be tempted to influence the damages, to suppress evidence or even to suborn witnessChamperty is an aspect of maintenance where the third party not only supports a litigant but also takes a share of the damages awarded, e.g. contingent fee arrangement and success fee. Champerty has been held to be contrary to public policy and thus champerty agreement is void.Last but not least, Claimants may not be able to find a solicitor whos willing to take risk. Even if the case is strong, some solicitors may demand an unreasonably high chance of success to take the case. The decision in Calley v Gray and Halloran V Delaney have made solicitors less willing to take on the risk of CSA when success have been pegged at 20%. Further bewilderment has occurred after later decision of Sanwar V Alan and Designers Guild v Russell Williams, where the court allowed a claim of 100% success fee and justified it with the recognition that solicitor has taken a substantial risk in entering into CFA.

The Last Leaf O.Henry

The Last Leaf O.HenryThe Last Leaf The Hope That Heals.The Last Leaf by O. Henry is an interesting short tommyrot about a sick girl named Johnsy, who is deeply affected by a bare vine tree. Johnsy has decided she will not get well and has harmonise herself with the fact that she is going to die when the last paging falls off the ivy bush outside her bedroom window. Johnsys hopelessness and willingness to accept the worst without a fight is a major statement about the emotional state of the character. In his wonderful short- level the last leaf, using sacrificial themes, fear of pneumonia and a twist on the fatalistic t bingle, O.Henry depicted a really meaningful goal Life must have hope.In brief, I love this story very(prenominal) much. Its plot and its characters are simply, but it is a very touching story that makes I recognize worldly concerny things in invigoration. Life is meaningful yet for people who have hope and love. The hope helps us live better and heals our bod y and spirit. Hope is the foundation of our personal futures each of us would probably self-annihilation without hope. It is the virtue that helps us overcome obstacles. Without hope, we seem to give up easily the likes of Johnsy in the story. Without hope, there is nothing. Another important thing in life is love. O. Henry, through the story, advices us should love ourselves and other people. The love between three persons, Johnsy, Sue and old Behrman makes a moving story. Johnsy had sometimes forgotten loving herself and progress to the worry for Sue, but the biggest love is the love of the old Behrman for Johnsy. He was self sacrifice to save the life of Johnsy. Despite being a old man, he didnt hesitate to go out in a cold weather, climb up the ladder and key the last leaf, because he know that it is the leaf of hope, a hope for a life that is giving up . In addition, I never see that life and death seem to be close like that. The fate is decided just through the last faint ivy leaf, it was such an idiotic imaginings (Henry 49). Life and death link together by the revivification of Johnsy and the death of the old Behrman. It is a familiar method in O. Henrys stories everything has its own worth.The meaning of chef-doeuvre in this story makes me change my mind. Before that, I remember a masterpiece should be a large, a big, and an imposing picture. In the story, the last leaf picture of Behrman is very simple, but it is really a masterpiece by the meaning. He spent all the night under the terrible weather to draw it, and pay his life for it. Eventually, all of the leaves fall from the vine, save the one last leaf. All readers easily understand that how much effort, how much love contained in that leaf picture. More than that, the most important thing, the last leaf saved a life of a poor mind girl, who gave up life too easily.The end being the surprise ending that make the story timbre sad.. The reader then finds out that O. Henry wrote a character that is obviously so void of passion about anything that at the first illness she gets, plans to die. Behrman, the man who will become her savior, seems to have the same lack of interest with his art. He is described as a failure in art (Henry 46). .He had been forever about to paint a masterpiece, but had never yet begun it (Henry 48). If he was motivated or inspired to be an artist, he would have found something to paint in all of his years instead of wait for the one inspiration that would create his masterpiece. Although he died, he did become what he had always claimed to be, an artist had been waiting there for twenty-five years to receive the first line of the masterpiece (Henry 49), his final masterpiece, which saved Johnsys uninspired life, was nothing more than a simple leaf painted upon a drab brick wall.All the things that our doctors tell us to do and undergo may not be easy, but they are meant to make us well. All the things that our love ones do to us, for us, they do for one reason To keep us alive We may not be living a very easy life, but all these tribulations, if surpassed, will make us stronger. They make life more meaningful and significant. It is a sin to want to die (Henry 51). more or less of the times we are trying to be Johnsy just fearing about the last leaf, we often forget to love the life God has given us. Being Bermans is kind of not possible for everyone, but at least we can live our life not just waiting for that last leaf. Let us, at all cost, dare to dream, dare to live, Live the life that God want us to live, no matter how short it be.Works CitedO.Henry. The last leaf The scoop out story of O.Henry. New York, Modern Library.

Ethical Impact of Knowledge

Ethical Impact of K straightwayledgeThe possession of noesis carries an honorable responsibility. Evaluate this claim.Mahatma Gandhi, when asked by an adoring, adulating public, what he believed the superlative sins were, was given up to answer as simply and as quickly as possible. His answers varied, of course, depending on his audience, but in his last word to all of India, his autobiography, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, he characterized the grea render sin as Knowledge without character. Gandhi evidently believed that the possession of knowledge without the ability for action was perhaps the greatest sin man could commit. Of course, one must curio a great number of things about the ethical responsibility that any wielder of knowledge is supposedly subject to. To begin with, the fixment strongly implies the existence of an imperious ethical system, leaving no place for ethical relativism, a place that leaves little room for debate on the varying ethical and moral standards that peck of various different labels ascribe to themselves. Moreover, a rather interesting phenomenon that occurs in the academic world today is the existence of the foolish scholar the man who harbors a veritable cornucopia of knowledge, but has little understanding of the practical aspects at that placeof, or of the use that other humans might put this knowledge to. The statement inevitably requires that this man be held responsible for any use or abuse of his research and knowledge, a thought that is not merely of obvious naivet, but ostensibly unjust. What remains however, is the wilful and focused abuse and misuse of knowledge with the complete and total understanding of any ending that this misuse entails this must, under any ethical system, be punished, but the question that remains is, which ethical system? How stomach one reconcile the idea of an ethically relativistic system and the demand of a universally absolutist system that the statement puts forth?Pe rhaps it is key to first reconcile the idea of an absolutist ethical system with the demands of the real world. W.T. Stace was a proponent of the same, arguing that notwithstanding a single universal code of conduct could exist which was deemed morally correct. Kantian deontological ethics similarly stated that the only good action was the action that, when universalized, would have maximum moral effect, as demonstrated by the categorical imperative. Therefore, under Kantian ethical philosophy, we rotter state that as long as the principle of Universalizability is adhered to, an absolutist ethical system can exist, for it is then the non-adherents who are fundamentally flawed, and not the system itself, a positioning handlen by Kant as well. Moral relativism cannot be well considered within the structure of the question, for to accept a morally relative system would generate, in itself, study issues within the foundations of ethicality. Moral relativism then leads towards exis tential nihilism, for to accept all ethical systems is akin to accepting none No fundamental idea of right or wrong can exist, for right and wrong may well differ from individual to individual, and both are therefore abstract concepts with no real sum or motive. Moral relativism within the scope of the question would render the question point little, for no ethically relative system can assign ethical responsibility, the commentary and nature of which will differ from system to system, person to person, and place to place.In the most idealistic and humanistic sense, perhaps ethical relativism is the only doctrine that can effectively promote universal acceptation, but in a practical, objective manner, ethical absolutism is the only possible form of moral systems which allows for the formation of laws, levelheaded systems, and an ordered manner of living that does not give way to either Nihilism or Anarchy. Therefore, we establish the existence, at least in practicality, of an et hically absolutist system, and designate Kantian ideology, that of Deontological Ethics, as the ethical system to be considered within the scope of the question.Having established the kind of ethical system we are considering, we must now consider, in depth, the system of ethical responsibility itself. Knowledge has been argued to be akin to a neb. The common scythe is possibly the best analogy for the slightly less common tool of knowledge, for, like a scythe, knowledge can be used to either reap or sow crops or to kill and wound a person. The only difference, really, is the scale. Knowledge has long been considered a tool with no moral nature of itself. After all, one hardly blames the gun for going off, or, as in our comparison, commends the scythe for a bountiful harvest. The wielder of the gun and the farmer of the land these are the men we attribute actions towards, and therefore, they are the ones deemed responsible for the use of their tools. However, with knowledge, and t he possession thereof, things arent quite as straightforward.I am become death, destroyer of worlds, Robert Oppenheimer cried in anguish when he witnessed the Trinity Atom run out test a test he helped design and facilitate. The Natural Sciences are an area that is rife with ethical dilemmas. Consider the case of Oppenheimer himself, a man who helped design and invent the Atom bomb which was responsible for the death of thousands, the eradication of two who cities, and the disfigurement of millions of unborn children. Oppenheimer himself felt directly responsible for the chaos he had helped cause, but the question that arises is simple Was he responsible for using his knowledge towards its inevitable end goal, and indeed, were any of the other scientists involved in the Manhattan project? Can blame for the Project itself be designate so easily to the scientists commissioned? Under Kantian Deontological ethics, universalization of the subject leads one to question whether or not Kn owledge needs to be shared at all. It is not a simple question of knowledge in Nuclear Physics, but of all knowledge, and the answer to this question is plainly positive. Knowledge needs to be shared so we, as humanity, can collectively move forward in a field that has implications around the world, a field which saves lives, improves living and, collectively, causes more good than ill. In the end, while there is a certain ethical responsibility involved with the possession of knowledge, hoarding knowledge and keeping it to oneself if plainly worsened than the alternative Sharing it and putting it to use. Consider, for example, Jonas Salke, the man who invented the Polio vaccine, and understanding the widepsread impact it would have, refused to patent it, essentially making the vaccine remedy. Under Kantian ethical systems, therefore, the communion of knowledge is vital towards actual progress The converse halts progress and forces every scientist to deal with the same bottleneck s and breakthroughs before any real research can take place.History is another AOK with a paramount ethical impact on the present and the future. Accepting, or alternatively, denying the past has consequences that shape the policies and attitudes of entire countries and races. Two comparative cases can be studied here That of Germany and misfire. Germany today is nation deeply repentant of its past sins and mistakes. Having accepted their deeds during the rule of the Nazi Party as creation not only brutal, but downright horrific, Germany today has swung towards extreme sorrow and repentance, making it by and large illegal to deny the Holocaust and introducing an Amendment to their constitutional free speech which makes the Nazi party illegal. The Germans, a once nationalistic race, have disbanded their army, instead training a national police force. The knowledge of their sins has clearly had a deep and lasting impact on the Germany psyche.The Turks, on the other hand, vehemently deny the very existence of the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Turkish history books not only fail to mention it, but Turkish historians, well respected in other fields, are curiously silent, and often in denial, about the crimes of Turkeys past. The Turkish government itself refuses to recognize the brutality of its actions against 1.5 million Armenians. Modern day pundits, however, state that there may be good reason for this. An acceptance of Turkish guilt will indubitably lead to well-behaved war due to the extreme denial of Turkish society on the matter, leading to a forced change in the government. While the acceptance of past mistakes may be crucial towards building a bridge towards a better affinity with the Armenians, the acceptance of this past mistake could very well destabilize the Turkish regime permanently, a turn of events with dire results for the Western World were an extremist party, of which there are plenty, to come to power. The Turkish government itself cannot mak e reference to the Genocide, for to do so is possibly akin to sparking off a civil war which could cause the entire region to erupt.The question to be asked, therefore, is whether it is possible to deny past actions and yet live morally, or whether it is absolutely necessary to accept ones past guilt before once can be absolved of blame. The ethical impact of the genocide is plain to see, but the fact remains that the Turkish government has an ethical responsibility first towards its citizens and then to the rest of the world. To spark of a civil war due to events that took place a century agone may very well be considered unethical and immoral, but yet, to deny outright such egregious events is not a morally sound stance either.In conclusion, the ethical impact of knowledge is certainly vast. To measure this impact is, by and large, impossible, but one can certainly gauge the effect that knowledge once made public would have. While the possession of knowledge always carries with it an ethical responsibility, it is difficult to discern the scope and extent of this responsibility, even in a Kantian ethical system. While knowledge in the natural sciences must almost always be shared, in other AOKs, such as history, civil and geopolitical issues come into play, which would lead to ethical catastrophes perhaps bigger than those that they try to repair. In the end, the only constant is that knowledge, for better or worse, is a powerful tool that must not be underestimated.

Rutherford B. Hayes Essays -- essays research papers

& angstrom unit9 Rutherford B. Hayes was considered by bity to be a simple, un debatable, and honest man to run for the presidency. That is why many people are perplexed that such an astute person should have one of the most controversial elections and presidencies ever. Considering Hayes honorable principles, it came as a surprise to see how he could unknowingly make a decision ab break reconstruction where its effects were so blatantly derogatory to the cause he was trying to help.&9The controversy began when he was merely running for office. Hayes was running against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. When the ballots were tallied in 1876, Hayes clearly lost the popular vote, and had lost the electoral vote 184 to 165 . However, twenty votes in Oregon, South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana were disputed due to the testify that denses were not given the equal chance to go to the polls and vote. Congress created and electoral commission, which carefully decided that Hayes would rece ive all twenty votes. lining the possibility that the country would be left without a president, both parties were considering taking the office by force. In spite of all the conflict, a deal was last struck. Republicans made a secret deal with Democrats in congress, who agreed not to dispute the Hayes victory in exchange for a promise to call up national process from the south and end reconstruction . Hayes made good on the deal. He swiftly ended Reconstruction and pulled federal troops out of the last two occupied states, South Carolina and Louisiana . During the brief period of radical reconstruction the negro enjoyed both civil and political rights. &9This political bargain contained three generally recognized parts 1) The north would keep hands off the negro problem. 2) The rules governing line of achievement relations in the South would be written by whites. 3) These rules would concede the negro limited civil rights, but neither social nor political comparison (page 787) . It is clear, however, that by 1876-77, a majority of white Americans were weary of continuing to battle southern retaliation to the reconstruction, especially when there appeared some possibility that the South was take in to give more than lip service to the rights promised by the Civil War Amendments. This bargain quickly caused an uproar by its opponents. Democrat William Clay said, "Instead of withdrawing... ...et out his southern policy very clearly. He wanted to eliminate political acts of violence against blacks. He insisted, and believed, that white southerners would adhere to the tenets of the Civil War Amendments. He insisted that the federal government had a responsibility to provide aid for education and public improvements. He also believed it was essential that honest government by educated citizens be restored in the south. His theory was that this kind of government could be achieved by insuring that blacks get an education so they can participate inte lligently in the elections. His ideal of having educated blacks was quite strong. Hayes said, "securing peace, prosperity, and the protection of human rights require education. As long as any considerable numbers of our countrymen are uneducated, the citizenship of every American in every state is impaired". There are many proofs that President Hayes had good intentions when making the policy to end reconstruction. His goal was to help the black man gain and maintain civil rights. Although he couldnt foresee at the time, ending reconstruction was a decision that rapidly decelerated the black mans race for equality.

Displays of Love in Endymion and Tamburlaine Essay -- Marlowe Lily

Comparing and contrasting the kinds of hump represented by Tellus and Endymion in Lylys comedy of errors, Edymion, and the whop between Tamburlaine and Zenocrate in Marlowes Tamburlaine show equalities where passions drive lovers to capture suitors, but differ in one braces desiring the unattainable, and another taking action to attain. Love is presented in different slipway, specifically in Lylys number the love is unattainable and unreal, as opposite in Marlowes play the love is attainable. Both, couples also have similarities when lovers are driven by their passions. We can judge Tellus by her actions and their consequences. If she loves Endymion, she has a strange way of showing it. Tellus in the blockade is responsible for arranging a sorceress to put him into a deep sleep that lasts decades and robs him of his youth. When confronted by Cynthia in 5.4, Tellus confesses her wicked actions and professes her love for Endymion. Tellus love for Endymion is so in tense that it do her dangerously possessive of him. She tells Cynthia of a not-to-be-expressed yet always-to-be-felt love. (5.4.71) Tellus love sickens her, and when she realizes her lover loves another, her love turns into hate. Perhaps hate and love are similar in this play. They are similar in the way that they are intensely the extreme. Extreme love makes Tellus sick, and extreme hate makes her act on revenge to hurt her love. Her excuse for wicked ways is that her body was becoming sick from this kind of love. Her feelings are psychologically real, but incredible unhealthy. She rationalizes her actions by pleading a kind of self-defense. Tellus is a dangerous, possessive woman, who likely never really experienced love that is kind, gentle a... ...n unattainable love, but Tamburlaine wins it through battle. Though Tamburlaine captures Zenocrate, he does not rape her. Instead, he professes to win her love and her flavor with the only means he knows how through bat tle. In conclusion, the lovers in Marlowes Tamburlaine and Edymion and Tellus in Lylys Endymion are all consumed and controlled by their passions. Both couple are relatively young in the psychologically stages of their love and both couples initially victims and capture love. Perhaps the greatest difference is that Marlowe has written a love story that ends in victory. Just as Tamburlaine is a great conquer in the battlefield, he, too is a great conquer in love. His prize is Zenocrate and her heart opens to him. Whereas Tamburlaine is victorious, our lovers, Endymion and Tellus, reach for the unattainable, and lose in the end.